Why did my Safari tabs disappear, and can I get them back?

This morning, I opened Safari and all my tabs were gone. There were a lot of tabs, including some interesting ones that I hadn’t saved yet. I’ve been trying to recover them, but I just can’t seem to figure out how.

I looked into the steps it would take to delete all tabs, and I am 100% sure that I didn’t do this—neither intentionally nor by accident. None of the tabs were listed under "Recently Closed" either.

So, I’ve been trying to retrace what might have happened.

Last night, my phone’s battery dropped below 10% and then completely shut down without showing the usual 5% warning. After I put it on the charger, it had some trouble starting up, but I didn’t think much of it. A little while later, I wanted to scan a QR code I had seen, and Safari opened that tab (which I now realize was the only tab open at the time). I found it strange that I couldn’t see any tabs to the left of it, but again, I didn’t think much of it—until I realized this morning that it was still the only tab open.

After some unsuccessful Googling, I tried putting my iPad into Airplane Mode, turned off Wi-Fi, and opened Safari. All the tabs were still visible under the iCloud Tabs section of Safari. So, I started reopening them one by one into a new tab group. I managed to open about 15 of them, but then the iCloud Tabs section disappeared as well. Now, I have nothing.(except for the 15 opened ones)

How could this have happened, and is there any way to recover my tabs?

I’m using an iPhone 14 Pro with iOS 18.5 (22F76).

[Re-Titled by Moderator]